Correction and Retraction Policy

The journal is committed to maintaining the accuracy, reliability, and integrity of the scholarly record. When errors or ethical concerns are identified in published articles, the editorial team will assess the evidence and take appropriate action.

Corrections

A correction may be published when an error requires amendment but does not invalidate the overall reliability of the article's findings or conclusions. The correction notice will identify the affected article, describe the error, explain the changes, and link to the original publication.

Expressions of Concern

An expression of concern may be issued when credible questions arise regarding an article's reliability or ethical integrity and the investigation remains unresolved or requires additional time.

Retractions

An article may be retracted when serious problems undermine its reliability or ethical legitimacy. Grounds may include fabricated or falsified data, significant plagiarism, duplicate publication, major errors that invalidate conclusions, or serious violations of research ethics.

Procedure

The Editor-in-Chief, in consultation with the editorial board and independent experts where necessary, will assess the available evidence and contact the relevant authors for an explanation when appropriate.

Decisions will be made fairly and independently. Relevant institutions may be consulted when necessary.

A retraction notice will clearly state the reason for retraction and identify the affected article. The original article will remain accessible where possible and will be clearly marked as retracted to preserve the scholarly record.

Authors may submit a written appeal supported by relevant evidence. Appeals will be reviewed impartially.

The journal follows recognized publication ethics principles and relevant COPE guidance when issuing corrections, expressions of concern, and retractions.