Photon: Jurnal Sain dan Kesehatan

Forensic Anthropology: Morphometric Study of The Sternum Using Computed Tomography Scan to Differentiate Sex Across Various Countries (Literature Review)

Chrisma Virginia Toisuta — 2025-11-30

The discovery of bodies in Indonesia is a frequent occurrence. Identifying these bodies requires determining the gender, height, and other physical characteristics to narrow down the search for the victim's identity. Computed tomography (CT) is the modality of choice for evaluating the anatomical details and pathological conditions of the sternum, sternoclavicular joints, and surrounding soft tissues. Given this issue, the researchers were interested in conducting a literature review on morphometric studies of the sternum using computed tomography scans to differentiate gender in various countries. The research method employed was descriptive observational, utilizing a literature review design from several articles published within the last 15 years. The articles selected for this study were based on specific inclusion and exclusion criteria set by the researchers. A total of 20 articles were used in this study. The literature review shows that the increasing number of morphometric studies, particularly in different populations, provides valuable data for researchers. CT can be utilized for the morphometric analysis of living subjects or discovered bones. If parts of the skeleton, such as the pelvis or skull, are not found or are damaged, forensic specialists and forensic anthropologists can accurately estimate gender using the sternum.

Physiological of Various Genotypes of Cayenne pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) Under Heat Stress

Riri Fitria Nanda — 2025-11-30

Cayenne pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.), a member of the Solanaceae family, is vulnerable to rising temperatures caused by global warming, which may reduce productivity and impair plant growth. This study evaluated the adaptation of four cayenne pepper genotypes (Pelita, Dewata, Bara, and Taruna) to high-temperature stress under greenhouse conditions. A split-plot design was applied, with temperature regimes as the main plot, consisting of normal daily temperature and heat stress conditions (±4°C–8°C above normal temperature), while genotypes were assigned as sub-plots. Observed parameters included physiological traits, such as stomatal conductance and transpiration rate, and morphological traits, including plant height, stem diameter, flowering time, harvesting age, and fruit weight. Data were analysed using ANOVA followed by a 5% significance test. The results demonstrated that high-temperature stress significantly affected both physiological and morphological characteristics of cayenne pepper plants. Temperature stress generally reduced fruit weight compared with normal daily temperature conditions. Responses to heat stress were observed in stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, plant height, stem diameter, leaf morphology, flowering age, harvest age, and fruit yield. Among the tested genotypes, Taruna exhibited superior physiological adaptation through stable stomatal conductance, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic activity, and leaf morphology under stress conditions. However, the Dewata genotype produced the highest fruit weight per plant under elevated temperature conditions compared with Pelita, Bara, and Taruna. These findings provide valuable insights for developing cayenne pepper varieties adaptive to climate change, with emphasis on physiological stability and yield performance as key selection criteria.

Stingless Beehive Entrance Shape and Size in the Imbo Putui Customary Forest, Kampar Regency

Novia Rahman — 2025-11-30

Imbo Putui Customary Forest supports high biodiversity, including stingless bees; however, data regarding the specific morphology of their nest entrances in this region remain limited. This study aimed to characterize the entrance funnel length, diameter, nest height, color, shape, and nesting habitat conditions of stingless bees in Imbo Putui Forest. The study employed a survey method with purposive sampling across three zones: roadside (Zone I), forest interior (Zone II), and riparian/oil palm plantation areas (Zone III). Eight stingless bee species were identified: Heterotrigona itama, Tetragonula laeviceps (black and yellow), Tetragonilla collina, Tetragonula drescheri, Tetragonula testaceitarsis, Tetragonula iridipennis, and Homotrigona fimbriata. Nest measurements indicated funnel lengths of 1–27 cm, entrance diameters of 5–20 mm, and nest heights ranging from 1 cm to 1000 cm. Morphologically, the nest entrances were predominantly round or oval in shape, with colors consistently ranging from brownish black to grayish brown.

Article Review: The Role of Botany in Forensic Investigations

Zakia Afdhila — 2025-11-30

Botany is the study of plants and plant life. Forensic botany is the study of plants, their relation to law and legal issues and can be used as evidence in a case. The characteristics and parts of each plant can be used as evidence when found on the body or things related to a person or the scene of a case. Botanical evidence found at a crime scene can be used to assist the investigation process related to the relationship between the victim, the perpetrator and the scene. The evidence found can be evidence that can be seen directly and microscopic evidence that requires laboratory analysis for identification, therefore forensic botanical analysis must be carried out by experts in the field of botany. Forensic botanical evidence in an investigation can provide information related to the estimated time of death, how long the victim was buried, the cause and manner of death.

Synthesis and Molecular Docking Assay of 2-(3-3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-6-oxopyridazin-1(6H)-yl)acetohydrazide as a candidate for breast anticancer

Putri Mar Atus Shalihah — 2025-11-30

Pyridazinones are a class of heterocyclic compounds with broad biological activities, one of which is as an anticancer. This study synthesized N-acetohydrazide substituted pyridazinone derivatives and evaluated their potential as breast cancer therapy through molecular docking studies. The target compound, 2-(3-(3-methoxyphenyl)-6-oxopyridazine-1(6H)-yl)acetohydrazide(3), was synthesized through three reaction steps: condensation to form the pyridqzinone core, functionalization of ethyl chloroacetate at the nitrogen position, and substitution of the ethoxy group with hydrazine hydrate. The yield obtained was 48.14%. The purity of the synthesized compound was confirmed through melting point determination and high-performance liquid chromatohraphy (HPLC) analysis, which showed a single dominant peak. Structural elucidation using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), mass spectrometry (MS), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H-NMR), and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (¹³C-NMR) verified the expected structure. Molecular tethering studies against tyrosine kinase (PDB ID: 3ERT) showed that compound (3) has a binding free energy of -7.93 kcal/mol, with two hydrogen bonds formed with residues Glu353 and Leu387. These results indicate that compound (3) has not shown better inhibitory activity than tamoxifen. Nonetheless, this compound fulfils good physicochemical characteristics based on Lipinski's rule, so it remains promising for further development.

Antimalarial Activity of Ugonin J and Ugonin K Isolated from Tunjuk Langit (Helminthostachys zeylanica)

Nurul Vadilla Alvi — 2025-11-30

Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by Plasmodium parasites, transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes, and remains a significant global health issue. This study aimed to identify the antimalarial activity of ugonin J and ugonin K isolated from tunjuk langit (Helminthostachys zeylanica). The in vitro antimalarial assay was conducted using the 3D7 strain of Plasmodium falciparum, which is sensitive to chloroquine, with ugonin J and ugonin K concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 100 µg/mL. The parasitemia percentage was assessed at 48 hours post-treatment, and the percentage inhibition was calculated. The results showed a significant dose-dependent inhibition, with an IC₅₀ value of 0, 041 µg/mL and 0.12 µg/mL, indicating potent antimalarial activity. Ugonin J and ugonin K exhibited effective inhibition of parasitemia at concentrations as low as 1 µg/mL, supporting its potential as a promising antimalarial agent. This study suggests that Helminthostachys zeylanica could be a valuable source of antimalarial compounds