Uji Toksisitas Ekstrak Etanolik Batang Tanaman Majapahit (Crescentia cujete) Terhadap Artemia salina Leach
Abstract
Cancer is a disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and the ability of these cells to attack biological tissue. Various attempts have been made, one of them with treatment to kill cancer cells, but not a few of these efforts actually cause side effects. This fact demands the need for a safe alternative way to treat cancer using natural ingredients. One of the local natural resources that has the potential to treat cancer is Majapahit (Crescentia cujete). In this study, Majapahit (C. cujete) stem extracts were carried out which have anticancer activity. The first stage was screening by conducting a qualitative analysis of the ethanol extract of the stem of the majapahit plant (C. cujete). Furthermore, a toxicity test was carried out against Artemia salina Leach using the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BST) method. Phytochemical testing was carried out to check the content of secondary metabolite compounds contained in the majapahit stem extract, and the results were positive for flavonoids, tannins, saponins and phenolics. This data, supported by spectrophotometric tests, proved that the largest concentration of the ethanolic extract of the majapahit (C. cujete) stem was 24.05% tannin. Then the LC50 test from the toxicity test of the active component of majapahit plant stem extract (C. cujete) against Artemia salina Leach showed a concentration of 0.01 µg / mL and 0.04 µg / mL, namely with a percentage below 50%.
Downloads
References
Anderson, J.E., Goetz, C.M., McLaughlin, J.L., and Suffness, M. (1991). A Blind Comparison of Simple Bench-top Bioassays and Human Tumour Cell Cytotoxicities as Antitumor Prescreens. Phytochem Analysis (2): 107-111.
Astuti, P., S.Utami, T. Pratiwi, T. Hertiani, G. Alam , A.Tahir dan S.Wahyono. (2005). Antimicrobial Activity Screening of Marine Sponges Extracts Colected from Barang Lomposea. Journal of Traditional Medicine (10): 32.
Abotaleb, M., Samsons, M. S., Elizabeth, V., Sharon, V., Peter, K., Alena L., Dietrich, B. (2019). Flavanoids in Cancer and Apoptosis. Cancers .11.
Bachran, C., Silke, B., Mark, S., Diana, B., Hendrik, F. (2008). Saponins in Tumor Therapy. Mini Rev. Med. Chem. 8: 575-584.
Burkill, H. M. (1985). The Useful Plants of Tropical West Africa. 2 Edn. Richmond, UK, Kew Royal Botanical Garden, London.
Carballo, J.L., Inda, Z.L.H, Perez, P, dan Gravalos, M.D.G. (2002). A Comparison Between Two Brine Shrimp Assays to Detect In Vitro Cytotoxicity in Marine Natural Products. BMC Biotechnology 2 (17) : 1-5.
Dwiatmaka, Y. (2001). Identifikasi Simplek dan Toksisitas Akut Secara BST Ekstrak Batang Pule (Alstonia scholaris). Program Pasca Sarjana Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta.
Damyanov, C. A., Ivan, K. M., ladimir, S. P., Lactchezar, A. 2018. Conventional Treatment of Cancer Realities and Problems. Annalas of Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 1:1-9.
Ejelonu, B. C., Lasisi, A. A., Ejelonu, O. C. (2011). The Chemical Constituents of Calabash (Crescentia cujete). AfricanJournal of Biotechnology. 10: 19631-19636.
Fajarningsih, N.D., Januar, H.I, Nursid, M dan Wikanta, T. (2006). Potensi Antitumor Ekstrak Spons Crella papilata Asal Taman Nasional Laut Kepulauan Seribu. Jurnal Pascapanen dan Bioteknologi Kelautan dan Perikanan. Vol 1 (1): 35-41.
Gu, Z.M., Zeng. L, J.T. Schwedler, K.V. Wood dan J.L. McLaughlin. (1995). New Bioactive Adjacent bis-THF Annonaceous Acetogenins from Annona Bullata. Phytochemistry :40.
Greenwell, M. and Rahman, P. K. S. M. (2015). Medicinal Plants: Their Use In Anticancer Treatment. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. 6:4103-4112.
Hasamah, U., Desi, R., Syaefudin. (2017). Antibacterial Activity of Ethanol Extract from Stem Bark and Leaves of Berenuk (Crescentia cujete L.). Current Biochemistry. 4:1-14.
Hanahan, D. And Robert, A. W. (2011). Hallmarks of Cancer:The Next Generation. Cell. 144: 646-674.
Huang,S. W., Jin, C. L., Sheng,C.K., Tur,F.H. (2014). PPemd26, an Anthraquinone Derivative, Suppresses Angiogenesis via Inhibiting VEGFR2 Signalling.British Journal of Pharmacology . 171: 5728–5742.
Indrayani, L., S. Hartati, dan S. Lydia. (2006). Skrining Fitokimia dan Uji Toksisitas Ekstrak Batang Pecut Kuda (Stachytarpheta jamaicensis L. Vahl) Terhadap Larva Udang Artemia salina Leach. Berkas Penelitian Hayati (12): 57-61.
Kanwar, A.S. (2007). Brine Shrimp (Artemia salina) a Marine Animal for Simple and Rapid Biological Assays. Chinese Clinical Medicine 2 (4): 35-42.
Kiswandono, Abadi. (2011). Skrinning Senyawa Kimia dan Pengaruh Metode Maserasi dan Refluks pada Biji Kelor (Moringa olifera, Lamk) terhadap Rendemen Ekstrak yang dihasilkan. Jurnal Sains Natural Universitas Nusa Bangsa. Vol. 1, No. 2, p.126-134.
Maira, Fz. (1999). Instituto de Ecología y Sistemática (Academia de Ciencias de Cuba). La Habana: Editorial Academia.
Mukhtar, M.H., A.Z, Adnan dan M.W, Pitra. (2007). Uji Toksisitas Minyak Atsiri Batang Kemangi (Ocimum basilicum L.) dengan Metode Uji Brine Shrimp Lethality Bioassay. Jurnal Sains Teknologi Farmasi. Vol 12(1): 1-4.
Meiyanto, E., Supardjan, Da'i, M, dan Agustina, D. (2006). Efek Antiproliferatif Pentagamavunon-0 terhadap Sel Kanker Payudara T47D. Jurnal Kedokteran Yarsi. 14 (1) : 011-015.
Moeljopawiro, S., M. R. Anggelia. D, Ayuningtyas. B, Widaryanti. Y, Sari, dan I. M, Budi. (2007). Pengaruh Sari Buah Merah (Pandanus conoideus Lam.) Terhadap Pertumbuhan Sel Kanker Payudara dan Sel kanker Usus Besar. Berkala Ilmiah Biologi. Vol 6(2): 121-130.
Olaniyi, M. B., Ibraheem, O. L., Aishat, A. O. (2018). Proximate, Phytochemical Screening and Mineral Analysis of Crescentia cujete L. Leaves. Journal of Medicinal Plants for Economic Development. 2.
Parvin, M.S., Das, N., Jahan, N., Akhter, M. A., Nahar, L., Islam, M. E. (2015). Evaluation of In Vitro Anti-Inflammatory and Antibacterial Potential of Crescentia cujete Leaves and Stem Bark. BMC Research Notes. 8: 412-418.
Pongrakhananon, V. (2013). Anticancer Properties of Cardiac Glycosides. Cancer Treatment - Conventional and Innovative Approaches.
Ravishankar, D., Rajora, A.K., Greco, F., Osborn, H.M.I. (2013). Flavonoids as prospective compounds for anti-cancer therapy. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol.45: 2821–2831.
Sun, H.X., Y. Xie and Y.P. Ye, (2009). Advances in Saponin-Based Adjuvants. Vaccine. 27: 1787-1796.
Smith, B. A. and Dollear, F. G. (1947). Oil From Calabash Seed, Crescentiacujete L. The Journal of The American Oil Chemist.
Sukardiman., R. Abdul dan P.N. Fatma. (2004). Uji Praskrining Aktivitas Antikanker Ekstrak Eter dan Ekstrak Metanol Marchantia planiloba Steph. Dengan Metode Uji Kematian Larva Udang dan Profil Densitometri Ekstrak Aktif. Majalah Farmasi Airlangga 4 (3): 97-100.
Silva, T.M., Nascimento, R.J., Batista, M.B., Agra, M.F., dan Camara, C.A. (2007). Brine shrimp bioassay of some species of solanum from northeastern brazil. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia (17) Hal: 35-38.
Sunarni., Iskamto dan Suhartinah. (2003). Uji Toksisitas dan Anti Infeksi Ekstrak Etanol Buah Brucea sumatrana Roxb. Terhadap Larva Udang Artemia salina Leach. dan Staphylococcus aereus. Biosmart 5 (4): 65-67.
Steenis, V. (1974). Flora Malesina Vol 8 Sijthoff and Noordhoff International Publisher: Netherland.
Theis, M., Melinda, R., Kristin, B., Teresa, D. G. (2017). Crescentia cujete (Calabash Tree) Seed Extract and Fruit Pulp Juice Contract Isolated Uterine Smooth Muscle Tissues FromMus musculus. Journal of Medical Plants Studies. 5:10-15.
Widodo, S. H. (2001). Crescentia cujete L. In: Bunyapraphatsara N, van Valkenburg JLCH (eds) Plant resources of south- east Asia (PROSEA), no. 12(2), medicinal and poisonousplants. Pudoc, Wageningen, pp 193–194.
Vuong, Q.V., S. Hirun, T.L.K. Chuen, C.D. Goldsmith and S. Murchie et al., (2014). Antioxidant and anticancer capacity of saponin-enriched Carica papaya leaf extracts. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol.50: 169-177.
Copyright (c) 2021 Rahma Diyan Martha, Fatimah
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Each article is copyrighted © by its author(s) and is published under license from the author(s).
When a paper is accepted for publication, authors will be requested to agree with the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 4.0
Abstract views: 363 , 
PDF downloads: 448
