Studi Literatur: Perkembangan Material Elektrokatalis Sebagai Elektroda Untuk Produksi Hidrogen Melalui Water Splitting
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37859/jst.v13i1.11810
Abstract
Hydrogen production by water splitting is one of the most effective technologies for supporting the transition to clean energy, as it can produce green hydrogen with low carbon emissions. The performance of this process is influenced by the characteristics of the electrocatalytic materials used as electrodes. Therefore, the development of materials with high electrocatalytic activity, good stability, and optimal charge transfer efficiency remains a key focus of research. A literature review methodology involving the analysis and investigate of various scientific publications on the development of semiconductor- and metal oxide-based electrocatalysts, including BiVO₄, TiO₂, CuO/ZnO, and NiFe₂O₄, for hydrogen production via water splitting. A variety of research indicate that each material exhibits distinct mechanisms for performance enhancement, such as visible light absorption capability, chemical stability, the formation of p/n-type heterojunctions, and redox mechanisms within spinel structures. In morphological engineering strategies, the formation of heterostructures, optimization of electronic structures, and interface engineering can increase current density, reduce overpotential, and accelerate charge transfer in the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER) and Oxygen Evolution Reaction (OER). The integration of various material engineering strategies represents a promising approach in the development of efficient, stable, and sustainable electrocatalysts to support future green hydrogen production.
Downloads
References
I. E. Agency, “World Energy Outlook 2024 (IEA, 2024).,” 2024
R. Indonesia, Enhanced Nationally Determined Contribution Republic of Indonesia 2022. 2022. [Daring]. Tersedia pada: https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-09/23.09.2022_Enhanced NDC Indonesia.pdf
J. Joy, J. Mathew, dan S. C. George, “Nanomaterials for photoelectrochemical water splitting – review,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, vol. 43, no. 10, hlm. 4804–4817, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.01.099.
A. bin Jumah, “A comprehensive review of production, applications, and the path to a sustainable energy future with hydrogen,” RSC Adv., vol. 14, no. 36, hlm. 26400–26423, 2024, doi: 10.1039/D4RA04559A.
J. Gómez dan R. Castro, “Green Hydrogen Energy Systems: A Review on Their Contribution to a Renewable Energy System,” Energies (Basel)., vol. 17, no. 13, hlm. 3110, Jun 2024, doi: 10.3390/en17133110.
F. Dawood, M. Anda, dan G. M. Shafiullah, “Hydrogen production for energy: An overview,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, vol. 45, no. 7, hlm. 3847–3869, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.12.059.
C. Anand dkk., “Green hydrogen for a sustainable future: A review of production methods, innovations, and applications,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, vol. 111, hlm. 319–341, Mar 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.02.257.
X. Li dkk., “Water Splitting: From Electrode to Green Energy System,” Nanomicro Lett., vol. 12, no. 1, hlm. 1–29, 2020, doi: 10.1007/s40820-020-00469-3.
R. A. N. Utama, R. Nabila dkk., “Enhancing the Photoelectrochemical Activity of CuO/ZnO Junction Photocathodes for Water Splitting,” Langmuir, vol. 40, no. 52, hlm. 27635–27644, Des 2024, doi: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c04163.
E. Samuel, B. Joshi, M. W. Kim, M. T. Swihart, dan S. S. Yoon, “Morphology engineering of photoelectrodes for efficient photoelectrochemical water splitting,” Nano Energy, vol. 72, hlm. 104648, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2020.104648.
I. A. Digdaya, G. W. P. Adhyaksa, B. J. Trześniewski, E. C. Garnett, dan W. A. Smith, “Interfacial engineering of metal-insulator-semiconductor junctions for efficient and stable photoelectrochemical water oxidation,” Nat. Commun., vol. 8, no. 1, hlm. 15968, Jun 2017, doi: 10.1038/ncomms15968.
Y. Yang, S. Niu, D. Han, T. Liu, G. Wang, dan Y. Li, “Progress in Developing Metal Oxide Nanomaterials for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting,” Adv. Energy Mater., vol. 7, no. 19, hlm. 1–26, 2017, doi: 10.1002/aenm.201700555.
T. Hisatomi, J. Kubota, dan K. Domen, “Recent advances in semiconductors for photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical water splitting,” Chem. Soc. Rev., vol. 43, no. 22, hlm. 7520–7535, Jan 2014, doi: 10.1039/C3CS60378D.
M. Ismael, “Latest progress on the key operating parameters affecting the photocatalytic activity of TiO2-based photocatalysts for hydrogen fuel production: A comprehensive review,” Fuel, vol. 303, hlm. 121207, Nov 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2021.121207.
H. Eidsvåg, S. Bentouba, P. Vajeeston, S. Yohi, dan D. Velauthapillai, “TiO2 as a Photocatalyst for Water Splitting—An Experimental and Theoretical Review,” Molecules, vol. 26, no. 6, hlm. 1687, Mar 2021, doi: 10.3390/molecules26061687.
Z. Dong, M. Chen, D. Qin, dan S. Han, “Recent advances and perspective of modified TiO2-based photoanodes toward photoelectrochemical water splitting,” Fuel, vol. 373, hlm. 132366, Okt 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2024.132366.
Z. Dong, M. Chen, D. Qin, dan S. Han, “Recent advances and perspective of modified TiO2-based photoanodes toward photoelectrochemical water splitting,” Fuel, vol. 373, hlm. 132366, Okt 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2024.132366.
X. Liang dkk., “Advanced TiO2-Based Photoelectrocatalysis: Material Modifications, Charge Dynamics, and Environmental–Energy Applications,” Catalysts, vol. 15, no. 6, hlm. 542, Mei 2025, doi: 10.3390/catal15060542.
M. H. Sawal, A. A. Jalil, N. F. Khusnun, N. S. Hassan, dan M. B. Bahari, “A review of recent modification strategies of TiO2-based photoanodes for efficient photoelectrochemical water splitting performance,” Electrochim. Acta, vol. 467, hlm. 143142, Nov 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2023.143142.
A. Mantilla, D. Guerrero-Araque, J. H. Sierra-Uribe, D. Ramirez-Ortega, dan Dkk, “Highly efficient mobility, separation and charge transfer in black SnO2–TiO2 structures with co-catalysts: the key step for the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution,” Royal Society of Chemistry, vol. 14, no. 36, hlm. 26259–26271, 2024, doi: https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ra03731f.
X. Guo, X. Liu, J. Shan, G. Zhao, dan S. (Frank) Liu, “Heterojunction Design between WSe2 Nanosheets and TiO2 for Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogen Generation,” Catalysts, vol. 12, no. 12, hlm. 1668, Des 2022, doi: 10.3390/catal12121668.
M. G. Lee dkk., “Crystal Facet Engineering of TiO2 Nanostructures for Enhancing Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting with BiVO4 Nanodots,” Nanomicro Lett., vol. 14, no. 1, hlm. 1–15, 2022, doi: 10.1007/s40820-022-00795-8.
F. Pinto, A. Wilson, B. Moss, dan A. Kafizas, “Systematic Exploration of WO 3 /TiO 2 Heterojunction Phase Space for Applications in Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting,” The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, vol. 126, no. 2, hlm. 871–884, Jan 2022, doi: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.1c08403.
H. Seo, B. S.Kalanoor, dan S. S. Kalanur, “BiVO4 Photoanodes for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting,” Materials Research Foundation, 2020, hlm. 129–182. doi: 10.21741/9781644900734-6.
R. T. Gao, X. Liu, X. Zhang, dan L. Wang, “Steering electron transfer using interface engineering on front-illuminated robust BiVO4 photoanodes,” Nano Energy, vol. 89, no. PA, hlm. 106360, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2021.106360.
L. Wang, Y. Zhang, W. Li, dan L. Wang, “Recent advances in elaborate interface regulation of BiVO4 photoanode for photoelectrochemical water splitting,” Materials Reports: Energy, vol. 3, no. 4, hlm. 100232, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.matre.2023.100232.
Z. Liang dkk., “Systematic engineering of BiVO 4 photoanode for efficient photoelectrochemical water oxidation,” Carbon Energy, vol. 6, no. 4, Apr 2024, doi: 10.1002/cey2.413.
O. A. Krysiak dkk., “Importance of catalyst–photoabsorber interface design configuration on the performance of Mo-doped BiVO4 water splitting photoanodes,” Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, vol. 25, no. 1, hlm. 173–185, 2021, doi: 10.1007/s10008-020-04636-9.
M. W. Kim dkk., “Tuning the morphology of electrosprayed BiVO4 from nanopillars to nanoferns via pH control for solar water splitting,” J. Alloys Compd., vol. 769, hlm. 193–200, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.07.167.
N. M. Izzudin dkk., “Unveiling the cutting-edge progress in boosting the photoelectrochemical water-splitting efficiency of BiVO4 photoanode with transition metal-based materials for sustainable hydrogen production,” Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, vol. 953, no. August 2023, hlm. 118011, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2023.118011.
Y. Li dkk., “Fluorine-doped iron oxyhydroxide cocatalyst: promotion on the WO3 photoanode conducted photoelectrochemical water splitting,” Appl. Catal. B, vol. 304, hlm. 120995, Mei 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2021.120995.
A. Costas, C. Florica, N. Preda, C. Besleaga, A. Kuncser, dan I. Enculescu, “Self-connected CuO–ZnO radial core–shell heterojunction nanowire arrays grown on interdigitated electrodes for visible-light photodetectors,” Sci. Rep., vol. 12, no. 1, hlm. 1–13, 2022, doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-10879-5.
R. Siavash Moakhar dkk., “Photoelectrochemical Water‐Splitting Using CuO‐Based Electrodes for Hydrogen Production: A Review,” Advanced Materials, vol. 33, no. 33, Agu 2021, doi: 10.1002/adma.202007285.
P. Shinde dkk., “Plasmonic Au nanoparticles sensitized ZnO/CuO heterostructure for efficient photoelectrochemical water splitting,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, vol. 54, hlm. 1073–1084, Feb 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.11.276.
M. Kumar, B. Meena, P. Subramanyam, D. Suryakala, dan C. Subrahmanyam, “Emerging Copper-Based Semiconducting Materials for Photocathodic Applications in Solar Driven Water Splitting,” Catalysts, vol. 12, no. 10, hlm. 1198, Okt 2022, doi: 10.3390/catal12101198.
N. Bahnasawy, A. M. Elbanna, M. Ramadan, dan N. K. Allam, “Fabrication of polyhedral Cu–Zn oxide nanoparticles by dealloying and anodic oxidation of German silver alloy for photoelectrochemical water splitting,” Sci. Rep., vol. 12, no. 1, hlm. 1–8, 2022, doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-21127-1.
M. Kim dkk., “Nanotextured cupric oxide nanofibers coated with atomic layer deposited ZnO-TiO2 as highly efficient photocathodes,” Appl. Catal. B, vol. 201, hlm. 479–485, Feb 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2016.08.058.
C. Si dkk., “Mesoporous nanostructured spinel-type MFe2O4 (M = Co, Mn, Ni) oxides as efficient bi-functional electrocatalysts towards oxygen reduction and oxygen evolution,” Electrochim. Acta, vol. 245, hlm. 829–838, Agu 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.06.029.
R. A. N. Utama, T. Nurtono, W. Widiyastuti, I. W. Lenggoro, dan H. Setyawan, “Phase Formation and Elemental Transport in the Electrosynthesis of Nickel Ferrite by Sacrificial Iron Anode in Nickel Salt Solution,” J. Electrochem. Soc., vol. 172, no. 2, hlm. 022504, Feb 2025, doi: 10.1149/1945-7111/adb4a7.
R. Nabila, R. A. N. Utama, W. Widiyastuti, T. Nurtono, dan H. Setyawan, “Preparation and Characterization of Nickel Ferrite (NiFe2O4) Nanoparticles by Surfactant-Free Electrochemical Method,” Nano Hybrids and Composites, vol. 44, hlm. 1–8, Jun 2024, doi: 10.4028/p-jew9ry.
T. N. Luong, T. L. L. Doan, P. M. Bacirhonde, dan C. H. Park, “A study on synthesis of an advanced electrocatalyst based on high-conductive carbon nanofibers shelled NiFe2O4 nanorods for oxygen evolution reaction,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, vol. 99, hlm. 1108–1118, Jan 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.12.178.
M. Khairy dan M. E. Gouda, “Electrical and optical properties of nickel ferrite/polyaniline nanocomposite,” J. Adv. Res., vol. 6, no. 4, hlm. 555–562, 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.jare.2014.01.009.
H. Wang dkk., “Highly active deficient ternary sulfide photoanode for photoelectrochemical water splitting,” Nat. Commun., vol. 11, no. 1, hlm. 3078, Jun 2020, doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-16800-w.
S. K. Tong, P. W. Chi, S. H. Kung, dan D. H. Wei, “Tuning bandgap and surface wettability of NiFe2O4 driven by phase transition,” Sci. Rep., vol. 8, no. 1, hlm. 1–11, 2018, doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-19319-9.
A. Martinez-Lazaro dkk., “NiFe2O4 hierarchical nanoparticles as electrocatalyst for anion exchange membrane water electrolysis,” J. Power Sources, vol. 556, hlm. 232417, Feb 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2022.232417.
N. Khoirina, R. Nabila dkk., “Size-controlled synthesis of spinel nickel ferrite nanoparticles by electrochemical method for metal-air batteries,” Electrochem. commun., vol. 186, Mei 2026, doi: 10.1016/j.elecom.2026.108149.
S. Benny dkk., “Engineering of cobalt impregnated sponge like spinel nickel ferrite as an efficient electrocatalyst for sustained overall water splitting,” Inorg. Chem. Commun., vol. 174, hlm. 114044, Apr 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.inoche.2025.114044.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Roida Nabila, Viona Aulia Rahmi , Dini Aulia Sari Ermal
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
