The Journal Of Pharmacy

Bioactive Profile and Health Benefits of Wedang Uwuh: A Narrative Mini-Review

Rahmad Darmawan — 2026-06-01

Background: Wedang uwuh is a traditional Indonesian herbal drink made from ginger, sappan wood, clove leaves, nutmeg leaves, rock sugar, and several other spices, and it is known for its health benefits. Objective: This review aims to summarize scientific evidence on the bioactive compounds, biological activities, and health potential of wedang uwuh. Methods: Literature was reviewed from scientific articles discussing the phytochemical composition and pharmacological activities of wedang uwuh. Results: The findings show that wedang uwuh contains polyphenols, flavonoids, gingerol, shogaol, and other bioactive metabolites with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic activities, and may also support weight management. Conclusion: Wedang uwuh has potential as a functional drink that supports health and represents part of Indonesia’s cultural heritage, although further studies, including toxicity tests and clinical research, are still needed to confirm its safety and effectiveness.

Drug-Related Problems in Patients with Liver Failure: An Analysis of Pharmacokinetic Interactions and Dosing Inappropriateness A Literature Review

Izza Aulia Rizqika Nasution — 2026-06-30

Drug-related problems represent a major challenge in the pharmacotherapeutic management of patients with liver failure due to significant pharmacokinetic alterations, polypharmacy, and inappropriate dosing. Hepatic dysfunction affects drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination, thereby increasing the risk of adverse drug reactions, clinically significant drug–drug interactions, and therapeutic failure. This review aimed to summarize current evidence on the determinants of DRPs in patients with liver failure, focusing on pharmacokinetic changes, dose individualization, polypharmacy, and medication safety. A comprehensive literature review was conducted using PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library to identify peer-reviewed studies published between 2015-2026. Keywords included liver failure, liver cirrhosis, drug-related problems, pharmacokinetics, dose adjustment, polypharmacy, and hepatic impairment. Eligible studies evaluated pharmacokinetic alterations, prescribing practices, medication safety, or clinical outcomes in adults with chronic liver disease. The findings consistently showed a high prevalence of DRPs in this population. Approximately one-quarter of commonly used medications required dose adjustment due to altered systemic exposure, while polypharmacy affected nearly one-third of patients and exceeded 50% in several cohorts. Inappropriate prescribing, inadequate dose individualization, and limited use of pharmacokinetic modeling were identified as major contributors to adverse drug reactions, hepatotoxicity, and clinically relevant drug–drug interactions. Additionally, reliance on conventional liver disease classification systems without integrating dynamic hepatic function markers often resulted in suboptimal therapy. Overall, pharmacokinetic alterations, polypharmacy, and inappropriate prescribing are key determinants of DRPs in patients with liver failure, underscoring the importance of individualized dosing, comprehensive medication review, pharmacokinetic modeling, and multidisciplinary pharmaceutical care to improve medication safety.

Isolation and Determination of Antioxidant Activity from Methanol Extract of Uncaria cordata (Lour.) Merr. Leaves

Noveri Rahmawati — 2026-06-30

Uncaria cordata (Lour. Merr. is one plants genus Uncaria growing in Indonesia, there has been no publication content of secondary metabolites are active as antioxidants. Antioxidant activity by DPPH test (1,1-diphenyl-2 pikrilhidrazil) generate IC₅₀ n-hexane extract did not have IC₅₀ values and can only inhibit 34.234% at a concentration of 1000 µg/mL, ethyl acetate extract of 704.478 µg/mL, methanol extract of 6.778 µg/mL. Methanol extract with the highest IC₅₀ isolation by column chromatography and obtained compound isolates F2. In the test with the Lieberman Burchard color reagent terpenoids positive (red) compounds derived from class terpenoids possibility. The results UV spectrum gives maximum absorption at a wavelength of 293.50 nm and 310.5 nm. Infrared spectrum showed absorption 3410 cm-1 (OH), 2933 cm-1 (CH), 1690 cm-1 (C = O), 1457 cm-1 (CH), and 1036 cm-1 (CC). The antioxidant activity (IC₅₀) F2 compounds have not active category.

Aplikasi Smart-Review Untuk Pemantauan Terapi Obat Pasien Geriatri Dengan Stroke Menggunakan Kriteria Stopp/Start V3: Analisis Efisiensi Kerja Dan Validasi Klinis

Dyah Ayu Febiyanti — 2026-06-08

Latar Belakang: Pasien geriatri dengan stroke menghadapi risiko tinggi terhadap Potentially Inappropriate Prescribing (PIP) dan Potential Prescribing Omissions (PPO) akibat multimorbiditas dan polifarmasi. Proses pemantauan terapi obat (PTO) secara manual menggunakan kriteria STOPP/START v3 memerlukan waktu lama dan rentan terhadap kesalahan manusia. Rumusan Masalah: Bagaimana pengembangan dan performa aplikasi SMART-Review berbasis kriteria STOPP/START dalam mendeteksi PIP dan PPO pada pasien geriatri stroke ditinjau dari kecepatan dan akurasi dibandingkan metode manual? Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan mengembangkan aplikasi SMART-Review sebagai Clinical Decision Support System (CDSS) berbasis STOPP/START v3, mengukur efisiensi waktu deteksi melalui pendekatan Value Stream Mapping (VSM), serta menilai performa diagnostiknya. Metode: Penelitian deskriptif dengan pendekatan pengembangan perangkat lunak menggunakan metode Research and Development (R&D) dan model System Development Life Cycle (SDLC), meliputi analisis kebutuhan, perancangan sistem, implementasi prototipe, uji kegunaan terbatas, serta uji validitas diagnostik pada 194 pasien geriatri stroke. Hasil: SMART-Review berhasil mendeteksi 192 kasus PIP dan 9 kasus PPO. Implementasi aplikasi meningkatkan efisiensi waktu kerja dengan menurunkan lead time dari 35 menit 48 detik menjadi 5 menit 39 detik (85,71%). Uji validitas menunjukkan sensitivitas 98,91% dan akurasi 93,30% untuk deteksi PIP, serta spesifisitas 77,78% untuk PPO. Kesimpulan: SMART-Review efektif mempercepat telaah klinis secara konsisten dan akurat serta layak diintegrasikan ke rekam medis elektronik guna meningkatkan keselamatan pasien geriatri. Saran: Integrasi rekam medis elektronik, fitur analisis terapi, dan uji coba lebih luas diharapkan meningkatkan akurasi, kecepatan, dan komprehensivitas pelayanan farmasi klinis geriatri.

Toxicity Test of 96% Ethanolic Extract of Agarwood Leaves (Aquilaria malaccensis Lam.) Using the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) Method

Lusi Indriani — 2026-06-30

Agarwood leaves (Aquilaria malaccensis Lam.) are medicinal plants that potentially contain bioactive compounds. This study aimed to determine the secondary metabolite content and toxicity potential of the 96% ethanolic extract of agarwood leaves using the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) method. The study was conducted experimentally through plant identification, simplicia preparation, extraction by maceration using 96% ethanol, characterization of simplicia and extract, phytochemical screening, and toxicity testing on Artemia salina Leach larvae. Toxicity testing was carried out at concentrations of 10, 20, 50, 100, and 1000 ppm with three replications. The results showed that the extract contained flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, steroids, and tannins. The characterization results showed total ash content of 7% in simplicia and 2.5% in extract, while drying shrinkage was 1% in simplicia and 28% in extract. Larva mortality increased with increasing extract concentration, namely 23.3%, 40.0%, 56.6%, 83.3%, and 96.6%. Probit analysis produced an LC50 value of 31.925 μg/mL, indicating that the 96% ethanolic extract of agarwood leaves categorized as extremely high toxicity in the BSLT assay.

Efektivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Kulit Jeruk Manis (Citrus sinensis (L).) Terhadap Pertumbuhan Bakteri Penyebab Jerawat Staphylococcus epidermidis

Fitratul wahyuni — 2026-06-30

Acne (Acne vulgaris) is a skin condition frequently caused by the bacterium Staphylococcus epidermidis. Sweet orange peel (Citrus sinensis (L.)) is an agricultural waste product with potential as a natural antibacterial agent due to its content of various secondary metabolites. This study aimed to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC), and antibacterial activity of the ethanolic extract of sweet orange peel against the growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis. The study employed the maceration method using 70% ethanol as the solvent. Standardization was conducted through specific and non-specific parameter tests. The MIC was determined using the broth dilution method with a UV-Vis spectrophotometer at concentrations of 6%, 7%, 8%, and 9%, while the MBC was determined using the subculture method on Nutrient Agar medium. Antibacterial activity was assessed using the disc diffusion method at concentrations of 10%, 20%, and 30%. The results showed that the crude drug material (simplicia) and the extract tested positive for alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and terpenoids. Values for loss on drying and total ash content met quality requirements (<10%). Both MIC and MBC values were observed at a concentration of 9%. The average inhibition zone diameters at concentrations of 10%, 20%, and 30% were 10.01 mm, 13.96 mm, and 18.06 mm, respectively, indicating strong inhibitory activity. It is concluded that the ethanolic extract of sweet orange peel (Citrus sinensis (L.)) possesses strong antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis and has the potential to be developed as a natural agent for acne treatment.

Hubungan Pengetahuan Dengan Sikap Dalam Pemilihan Obat Tradisional Dikalangan Mahasiswa Farmasi Universitas Muhammadiyah Riau

Rahmi Amini — 2026-06-30

Traditional medicine in Indonesia has been used for generations for treatment, providing a more effective and safe alternative. Pharmacy students are future healthcare professionals and are expected to provide appropriate pharmaceutical services. The purpose of this study was to identify and examine the relationship between knowledge and attitudes regarding the selection of traditional medicines. The method used in this study was descriptive quantitative. The sample was obtained using proportional random sampling because the pharmacy student population at the University of Muhammadiyah Riau (UMRI) consists of several classes, from classes 1 to 4. The sample size for this study was 285 students. The instruments used were knowledge and attitude questionnaires. The results were then measured using the Chi-square test. The results showed that the knowledge level of UMRI pharmacy students was categorized as good, with a percentage of 99.3% (283 students). Meanwhile, attitudes were also categorized as good, at 76.1% (217 students). The results of the correlation analysis using the chi-square test showed no significant correlation between knowledge and attitude due to the p-value of 0.386 (p> 0.05).

Antipiretic Activity Test of Papaya Leaf Ethanol Extract (Carica Papaya L.) on Male White Mice (Mus Musculus)

Rialita Lifiani — 2026-06-30

Fever is a condition characterized by an increase in body temperature above normal levels due to infection or inflammatory processes. The use of synthetic antipyretic drugs may cause adverse effects, necessitating alternative treatments derived from natural sources. Papaya leaves (Carica papaya L.) contain secondary metabolites that are suspected to have antipyretic activity. This study aimed to determine the antipyretic activity of papaya leaf ethanol extract and the most effective dose in male white mice (Mus musculus). This experimental study used a Randomized Block Design (RBD) involving 25 male white mice divided into five groups: negative control receiving 1% Na-CMC, positive control receiving ibuprofen 52 mg/kgBW, and treatment groups receiving papaya leaf ethanol extract at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kgBW. Fever was induced subcutaneously using a 40% bread yeast suspension. Data were analyzed using One-Way ANOVA followed by Tukey's Post Hoc test. The results showed that the extract contained alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins and was able to reduce body temperature at all tested doses. The 400 mg/kgBW dose showed the best antipyretic activity and was not significantly different from ibuprofen. In conclusion, papaya leaf ethanol extract has antipyretic activity, with 400 mg/kgBW being the most effective dose.